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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"BBC2" redirects here. For the defunct Philippine television network, see Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation.
For the BBC radio station, see BBC Radio 2.
BBC Two
BBC Two.svg
BBC Two logo
Launched 20 April 1964
Owned by BBC
Picture format 576i (16:9 SDTV)
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
Audience share 5.7% (October 2013, BARB)
Country United Kingdom
Broadcast area Nationwide
Formerly called BBC2 (20 April 1964 – 3 October 1997)
Sister channel(s) BBC One
BBC Three
BBC Four
BBC News
BBC Parliament
CBBC
CBeebies
Website www.bbc.co.uk/bbctwo
Availability
Terrestrial
Freeview Channel 2
Channel 102 (HD)
Satellite
Freesat Channel 102
Channel 109 (HD)
Channels 968–971 (regional variations)
Sky (UK) Channel 102
Channel 142 (HD)
Channels 969–972 (regional variations)
Sky (Ireland) Channel 142 (SD/HD)
Channel 143 (SD)
Astra 1N 10773 H 22000 5/6
10847 V 23000 2/3 (HD)
Eutelsat 10A
(BFBS) 8002
NSS 12
(BFBS) 8102
NSS 806
(BFBS) 8102
Cable
Virgin Media Channel 102
Channel 187 (HD)
Smallworld Cable Channel 102
Channel 120 (HD)
UPC Ireland Channel 109
Channel 140 (HD)
Ziggo (Netherlands) Channel 602
UPC (Netherlands) Horizon
Channel 51 (SD/HD)
Mediabox
Channel 51 (SD)
Channel 87 (HD)
Naxoo (Switzerland) Channel 214
UPC Cablecom (Switzerland) Channel 156
WightFibre Channel 2
IPTV
Belgacom TV(Brussels) Channel 68
Belgacom TV(Flanders) Channel 24
Belgacom TV(Wallonia) Channel 214
Streaming media
BBC Online Watch live (UK only)
BBC iPlayer Watch live (UK only)
TVCatchup Watch live (UK only)
UPC Horizon Watch live (Ireland only)
Watch live (Netherlands only)
BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a wide range of subject matter, but tending towards more "highbrow" programmes than the more mainstream and popular BBC One. Like the BBC's other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence, and is therefore commercial-free. It is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide.

Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched (starting on 20 April 1964), and from 1 July 1967, Europe's first television channel to broadcast regularly in colour. It was envisaged as a home for less mainstream and more ambitious programming, and while this tendency has continued to date, most special-interest programmes of a kind previously broadcast on BBC Two, for example the BBC Proms, now tend to appear on BBC Four instead.

A high definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD.[1]

Contents

[hide]
1 History
1.1 Launch
1.2 Technological advancements
2 Operation
3 Programming
4 Presentation
4.1 Regional variations
5 Availability outside the UK
6 Accessibility
7 BBC Two HD
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]

Launch[edit]

British television at the time of BBC2's launch consisted of two channels: the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of smaller regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITV's launch in 1955, and both had aimed for a populist approach in response. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britain's third television station should be awarded to the BBC.[2]

Prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service: the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots "Hullabaloo", a mother kangaroo, and "Custard", her joey. Prior to, and several years after, the channel's formal launch, the channel broadcast 'Trade Test Transmissions', short films made externally by companies such as Shell and BP, which served to enable engineers to test reception, but became cult viewing.

The channel was scheduled to begin at 19:20 on 20 April 1964 and show an evening of light entertainment, starting with the comedy show The Alberts, a performance from Soviet comedian Arkady Raikin, and a production of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate, culminating with a fireworks display. However, at around 18:45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, but all attempts to show the scheduled programmes on the new channel failed. Associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBC's behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22:00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning. As the BBC's news centre at Alexandra Palace was unaffected, they did in fact broadcast brief bulletins on BBC2 that evening, beginning with an announcement by the newsreader Gerald Priestland at around 19:25.[3] There was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003.[4]

By 11:00 on 21 April, power had been restored to the studios and programming began, thus making Play School the first programme to be shown officially on the channel. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was then successfully shown that evening, albeit with minor changes. In reference to the power cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy.[4]

To establish the new channel's identity and draw viewers to it, the BBC decided that a widely promoted, lavish series would be essential in its earliest days. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga (1967), a no-expense-spared adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More and Eric Porter. Critically for the future of the fledgling channel, the BBC's gamble was hugely successful, with an average of six million viewers tuning in per episode: a feat made more prominent by the fact that only 9 million were able to receive the channel at the time.[citation needed]

Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system, so was not available to viewers still using sets on the 405-line VHF system. This created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. The early technical problems, which included being unable to transmit US-recorded videotapes due to a lack of system conversion from the US NTSC system, were resolved by a committee headed by James Redmond.

Technological advancements[edit]

The new 625 line system had one noticeable advantage: the bandwidth was sufficient for colour broadcasts and indeed on 1 July 1967, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin regular broadcasts in colour, using the PAL system.[5] The thirteen part series Civilisation (1969) was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology.[6] BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985. BBC1 and ITV simultaneously introduced PAL colour on UHF on 15 November 1969, although they both had broadcast some programmes in colour "unofficially" since at least late 1968.

In 1979, the station adopted the first computer generated channel identification (ident) in Britain, with its use of the double striped, orange '2' logo. The ident, created in house by BBC engineers, lasted a number of years and heralded the start of computer generated logos.

As the switch to digital-only terrestrial transmission progressed, BBC Two was (in each region in turn) the first analogue TV channel to be replaced with the BBC multiplex, at first, four then two weeks ahead of the other four channels. This was required for those relay transmitters that had no current Freeview service giving viewers time to purchase the equipment, unless they had already selected a satellite or cable service. The last region for BBC Two to end on analogue terrestrial television was Northern Ireland on 10 October 2012.

It was announced on 19 February 2013 that a HD simulcast of BBC Two would commence on 26 March 2013 at 6am. This is single UK service without national variations.[7]

At the 2012 Guardian Edinburgh International Television Festival, BBC Two was named "Terrestrial Channel of the Year".[8]

Operation[edit]

The channel controllers have been:

1964–1965: Michael Peacock
1965–1969: David Attenborough
1969–1974: Robin Scott
1974–1978: Aubrey Singer
1978–1982: Brian Wenham
1982–1987: Graeme MacDonald
1987–1992: Alan Yentob
1992–1996: Michael Jackson
1996–1999: Mark Thompson
1999–2004: Jane Root
2004–2008: Roly Keating
2008–present: Janice Hadlow
The channel forms part of the BBC Vision executive group, and is answerable to the head of that department, and to the BBC Trust.

Programming[edit]

Main article: List of programmes broadcast by the BBC
BBC Two’s remit is to be a mixed-genre channel appealing to a broad adult audience with programmes of depth and substance. It should carry the greatest amount and range of knowledge-building programming of any BBC television channel, complemented by distinctive comedy, drama and arts programming.

— BBC Two remit[9]

BBC Two's remit historically was one screening programmes targeting the arts, culture, drama and some comedy, and appealing to audiences not already served by BBC1 or ITV. Over its first thirty or so years the channel developed a reputation for screening highly praised and prestigious drama series, amongst these Boys from the Blackstuff (1982) or 1996's, critically acclaimed Our Friends in the North. The channels "highbrow" profile is also in part attributable to a long history of demanding documentaries of all types, beginning with Civilisation and The Ascent of Man in the 1960s. Like the early Channel 4, BBC2 also established for itself a reputation as a champion of independent and international cinema, under the Screen 2 brand.

The channel has sometimes been judged, increasingly in more recent years, to have moved away from this original role and to have moved closer to the mainstream. Since the launch of the digital-only BBC Four, the BBC has been accused in particular of shifting its more highbrow output to the new channel, which, until the end of the UK's digital TV switchover in October 2012,[10] a minority (7.5% in the final quarter of 2010)[11] of viewers did not receive. BBC Four's remit is very similar to that of the earlier remit of BBC2, and contains a lot of documentaries and arts programming. It has been perceived by some that this strategy is to allow BBC Two to show more popular programmes and to secure higher ratings.[12] Since 2004 there have been some signs of an attempt to return closer to parts of BBC Two's earlier output with the arts strand The Culture Show. Its most popular programme at the moment is Top Gear.

Currently, a lot of BBC Two's output have previously, or subsequently been shown on other channels. Some of these programmes are repeats of popular or flagship programmes from BBC Four in a late night strand, originally called BBC Four on Two but now unbranded, for the benefit of audiences without access to BBC Four. Other programmes are moved to the channel as a result of their success on BBC Three or Four, so that subsequent series are well received. An example of this is the BBC Three series Torchwood that was transferred to the channel following the success of the first series. BBC Two is also used as a testing ground for programmes prior to their moving to the flagship BBC One: such examples include Have I Got News for You and popular comedy Miranda, which moved to BBC One after success on Two.

Another founding part of BBC Two was to provide educational and community programming on the BBC, as part of its public service remit. The educational section of this commitment saw BBC2 broadcast a large amount of programming for the Open University, who co-produced programming with the corporation, and saw the channel broadcast BBC Schools programmes from 1983 until the programmes were transferred to the BBC Learning Zone in 2010.

As a result of the channel's commitment to community broadcasting, the channel produced the symbolic Open Space series, a strand developed in the early 1970s in which members of the public would be allotted half an hour of television time, and given a level of editorial and technical training in order to produce for themselves a film on an issue most important to them. BBC2's Community Programme Unit kept this aspect of the channel's tradition alive into the 1990s in the form of Video Diaries and later Video Nation. The Community Programmes Unit was disbanded in 2004.

BBC Two originally showed children's programming in the morning, with two different blocks: CBBC and CBeebies. First, at 6am until 7am the CBeebies block was shown (everyday), then at 7am until 8:30am CBBC is shown (weekdays only), then at 8:30am to 11:30am it is followed by BBC World News, with Daily Politics on Wednesday.[citation needed]The CBeebies block is then shown again (only on weekdays). On BBC Two Scotland between 8.30 and 9am, they would show Gaelic Children's Programmes under the name CBeebies Alba. Then at 9am they would handover to CBeebies. On Saturdays, the CBBC block was shown from 7am until 12pm (at 11:40am a repeat of MOTD Kickabout would be shown.) On Sundays, the CBBC block is shown from 7am until 10am (except if special events are shown). But in 2013 this was removed as the digital switchover meant that the dedicated CBBC and Cbeebies channel were widely available, and replaced by repeats and the Signzone (programmes from across the BBC with sign language, audio description etc.). At the same time a new hour long news program was created at 11am called Eleven O'Clock Newshour which is made up of half an hour of BBC News and half BBC World News. Other News Channel programmes such as HARDtalk and Click was added to fill the 10:30 slot.

On weekday holidays and weekends at 11:30am feature films are shown instead of programmes like Ready Steady Cook, The Pink Panther Show, Meerkat Manor or BBC World News. Mainly the films are black and white.

On occasional Friday nights when charity telethons, such as Sports Relief or Comic Relief are shown, a 40 minute section is shown at 10pm while the BBC News at Ten is being broadcast on BBC One, and the National Lottery is shown around 11:30pm.

Some BBC Two programming was simulcast or repeated in high definition on separate channel BBC HD, until 06:00 on 26 March 2013, when the BBC HD channel ceased operation, being instead replaced by BBC Two HD and simulcast with its SD variant.[7]

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Further information: Analog high-definition television system and History of television
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.
The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937.[1] In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term "sequential") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.
Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.
The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed "HDTV". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.
There were 4 major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:
EIA monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 1023 lines, 60 Hz
NHK color: 5:3 aspect ratio, 1125 lines, 60 Hz
NHK monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 2125 lines, n/a Hz[clarification needed - does that mean they didn't/don't have a fixed refresh rate?]
BBC color: 8:3 aspect ratio, 1501 lines, n/a Hz[2]
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems are now regarded as standard definition television systems.

The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.

Early HDTV commercial experiments such as NHK's MUSE required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast, and HD-MAC was not much better. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about 2× the bandwidth of SDTV these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel

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Work on a major Windows Mobile update may have begun as early as 2004 under the codename "Photon", but work moved slowly and the project was ultimately cancelled.[12] In 2008, Microsoft reorganized the Windows Mobile group and started work on a new mobile operating system.[13] The product was to be released in 2009 as Windows Phone, but several delays prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release.[14]
Windows Phone was developed quickly. One result was that the new OS would not be compatible with Windows Mobile applications. Larry Lieberman, senior product manager for Microsoft's Mobile Developer Experience, told eWeek: "If we'd had more time and resources, we may have been able to do something in terms of backward compatibility."[15] Lieberman said that Microsoft was attempting to look at the mobile phone market in a new way, with the end user in mind as well as the enterprise network.[15] Terry Myerson, corporate VP of Windows Phone engineering, said, "With the move to capacitive touch screens, away from the stylus, and the moves to some of the hardware choices we made for the Windows Phone 7 experience, we had to break application compatibility with Windows Mobile 6.5."[16]
Launch and expansion[edit]
Windows Phone 7[edit]

Windows Phone 7.5 logo
Main article: Windows Phone 7
Windows Phone 7 was announced at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on February 15, 2010, and released publicly on November 8, 2010 in the United States.
Microsoft released an updated version of Windows Phone 7, Mango (also referred to as Windows Phone 7.5), in May 2011. The update included a mobile version of Internet Explorer 9 that supports the same web standards and graphical capability as the desktop version, multi-tasking of third-party apps,[17][18] Twitter integration for the People Hub,[19][20][21] and Windows Live SkyDrive access.[22]
A minor update released in 2012 known as "Tango", along with other bug fixes, lowered the hardware requirements to allow for devices with 800 MHz CPUs and 256 MB of RAM to run Windows Phone.[23]
In January 2013, Windows Phone 7.8 was released. It added some features from Windows Phone 8, such as an updated start screen, doubling of the color scheme options to 20 and the option to have the Bing image of the day as the lock screen wallpaper. Windows Phone 7.8 was intended to prolong the life of older Windows Phone 7 devices, as these were not upgradable to Windows Phone 8 due to hardware limitations. However, not all users have received the Windows Phone 7.8 update yet.
Microsoft has announced that Windows Phone 7.8 will see further future updates and as both Windows Phone 7 and Windows Phone 8 will coexist for sometime, to support devices in different price ranges.
Windows Phone 8[edit]

Three high-end Windows Phone 8 devices from left to right: HTC 8X, Lumia 920, Lumia 820.
Main article: Windows Phone 8
On October 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Phone 8, a new generation of the operating system. Windows Phone 8 replaces its previously Windows CE-based architecture with one based on the Windows NT kernel with many components shared with Windows 8, allowing applications to be easily ported between the two platforms.
Hardware support[edit]
Windows Phone 8, while adding a number of software improvements, also brought support for updated hardware. This included support for multi-core processors and high resolution screens.[24] Windows Phone 7 and 7.5 were often criticized for a lack of high end hardware support, but Windows Phone 8's new hardware gave Windows Phone the ability to better compete with Google and Apple smartphones.[25]
Partnership with Nokia[edit]
On February 11, 2011, at a press event in London, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and Nokia CEO Stephen Elop announced a partnership between their companies in which Windows Phone would become the primary smartphone operating-system for Nokia, replacing Symbian.[26] The event focused largely on setting up "a new global mobile ecosystem", suggesting competition with Android and iOS with the words "It is now a three horse race". Elop's stated the reason for choosing Windows Phone over Android, saying: "the single most important word is 'differentiation'. Entering the Android environment late, we knew we would have a hard time differentiating."[27] While Nokia would have had more long-term creative control with Android (note that MeeGo as used by Nokia resembles Android more than it does Windows Phone 7), Elop enjoyed familiarity with his past company where he had been a top executive.[28][29]
The pair announced integration of Microsoft services with Nokia's own services; specifically:[26]
Bing would power-search across Nokia devices
integration of Nokia Maps with Bing Maps
integration of Nokia's Ovi store with the Windows Phone Store
The partnership involves "funds changing hands for royalties, marketing and ad-revenue sharing", which Microsoft later announced as "measured in billions of dollars."[30] Jo Harlow, whom Elop tapped to run Nokia's smartphone business, rearranged her team to match the structure led by Microsoft's VP of Windows Phone, Terry Myerson. Myerson was quoted as saying, "I can trust her with what she tells me. She uses that same direct and genuine communication to motivate her team."[31]
The first Nokia Windows phones, the Lumia 800 and Lumia 710, were announced in October 2011 at Nokia World 2011 event.[32][33]
At the Consumer Electronics Show in 2012 Nokia announced the Lumia 900, featuring a 4.3-inch AMOLED ClearBlack display, a 1.4 GHz processor and 16 GB of storage.[34] The Lumia 900 was one of the first Windows Phones to support LTE and was released on AT&T on April 8.[35] An international version will launch in Q2 2012, with a UK launch expected in May.[36] The Lumia 610 is the first Nokia Windows Phone to run the Tango Variant (Windows Phone 7.5 Refresh) and is aimed at emerging markets.
On September 2, 2013, Microsoft announced a deal to acquire Nokia's mobile phone division outright, retaining former CEO Stephen Elop as the head of Microsoft's devices operation.[37][38] Microsoft managers revealed that the acquisition was made because Nokia was driving the development of the Windows Phone platform to better match their products.[39]
Features[edit]

User interface[edit]
Windows Phone features a user interface based on Microsoft's Windows Phone design system, codenamed Metro,[40] and was inspired by the user interface in the Zune HD.[41] The home screen, called the "Start screen", is made up of "Live Tiles", which have been the inspiration for the Windows 8 live tiles. Tiles are links to applications, features, functions and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove tiles.[42] Tiles are dynamic and update in real time – for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a tile could display a live update of the weather.[43] Since Windows Phone 8, live tiles can also be resized to either a small, medium, or large appearance.
Several features of Windows Phone are organized into "hubs", which combine local and online content via Windows Phone's integration with popular social networks such as Facebook, Windows Live, and Twitter.[43] For example, the Pictures hub shows photos captured with the device's camera and the user's Facebook photo albums, and the People hub shows contacts aggregated from multiple sources including Windows Live, Facebook, and Gmail. From the Hub, users can directly comment and 'like' on social network updates. The other built-in hubs are Xbox Music and Video, Xbox Live Games, Windows Phone Store, and Microsoft Office.[43]
Windows Phone uses multi-touch technology.[43] The default Windows Phone user interface has a dark theme that prolongs battery life on OLED screens as fully black pixels don't emit light. Alternatively, users can also switch to a white background manually.[44] The user may choose a light theme instead, and can also choose from several accent colors.[45] User interface elements such as tiles are shown in the user's chosen accent color. Third-party applications can be automatically themed with these colors.[46]
Text input[edit]
Users input text by using an on-screen virtual keyboard, which has a dedicated key for inserting emoticons,[47] and features spell checking[47] and word prediction.[48] App developers (both inhouse and ISV) may specify different versions of the virtual keyboard in order to limit users to certain character sets, such as numeric characters alone. Users may change a word after it has been typed by tapping the word,[49] which will invoke a list of similar words. Pressing and holding certain keys will reveal similar characters. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode. Phones may also be made with a hardware keyboard for text input.[50] Windows Phone 8 adds a new "Word Flow" keyboard, which includes features such as allowing the user to add accents to letters by pressing on an individual letter.
Messaging[edit]
Windows Phone utilizes "Threads", which allow conversations to be held among users through multiple platforms (such as Windows Live Messenger, Facebook messaging, or SMS) within a single thread, dynamically switching between services depending on availability.
Web browser[edit]
See also: Internet Explorer Mobile
Internet Explorer on Windows Phone allows the user to maintain a list of favorite web pages and tiles linking to web pages on the Start screen. The browser supports up to 6 tabs, which can all load in parallel.[51] Other features include multi-touch gestures, a streamlined UI, smooth zoom in/out animations, the ability to save pictures that are on web pages, share web pages via email, and support for inline search which allows the user to search for a word or phrase in a web page by typing it.[52]
Users are also able to stream YouTube videos straight from the Internet Explorer browser.
Contacts[edit]
Contacts are organized via the "People hub". Contacts can be manually entered into contacts or imported from Facebook, Windows Live Contacts, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google, and Outlook. A "What's New" section show news feed and a "Pictures" section show pictures from those social networks made by the contacts. A "Me" section show the phone user's own social networks status and wall, allow the user to update his status, and check-in to Bing and Facebook Places. Contacts can be added to the home screen by pinning them to the start. The contact's "Live Tile" displays their social network status and profile picture on the homescreen and the contact's hub displays his Facebook wall as well as all of the rest of his contact information and information from his other social networks.

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This article is about Windows Phone family of mobile operating systems. For the first version, see Windows Phone 7. For the second version and latest release, see Windows Phone 8.
Windows Phone
Windows Phone 8 logo and wordmark (purple).svg
Windows Phone 8 en.svg
An example of a custom Start Screen on the latest Windows Phone release, Windows Phone 8
Company / developer Microsoft Corporation
Programmed in C, C++[1]
OS family Microsoft Mobile
Working state Current
Source model Closed-source
Initial release
NA November 8, 2010
PAL October 21, 2010
EU October 21, 2010
Latest stable release Windows Phone 8 (Update 3, 8.0.10512.142)[2] / October 14, 2013; 54 days ago
Available language(s) 25+ languages[3]
Package manager Windows Phone Store
XAP on Windows Phone 8 and later
Supported platforms Qualcomm Snapdragon (Based on ARM V.7 or later)
Kernel type
Monolithic (Windows CE) (Windows Phone 7)
Hybrid (Windows NT) (Windows Phone 8)
Default user interface Graphical (Metro UI)
License Commercial proprietary software
Official website www.windowsphone.com
Windows Phone (abbreviated as WP) is a series of proprietary smartphone operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows Mobile,[4] although it is incompatible with the earlier platform.[5] Unlike its predecessor, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market.[6] It was first launched in October 2010, with a release in Asia following in early 2011.[7]
The latest release is Windows Phone 8, which was launched on October 29, 2012. With Windows Phone, Microsoft created a new user interface, featuring a design language named "Modern" (which was formerly known as "Metro").[8] Additionally, the software is integrated with third-party and Microsoft services, and sets minimum requirements for the hardware on which it runs.[9]
Microsoft is currently developing an updated version of Windows Phone, code named "Windows Phone Blue" (previously "Windows Phone Apollo Plus",[10]) which will be named either Windows Phone 8.1 or Windows Phone 8.5.[11]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Development
1.2 Launch and expansion
1.2.1 Windows Phone 7
1.2.2 Windows Phone 8
1.2.3 Hardware support
1.2.4 Partnership with Nokia
2 Features
2.1 User interface
2.2 Text input
2.3 Messaging
2.4 Web browser
2.5 Contacts
2.6 Email
2.7 Multimedia
2.8 Games
2.9 Search
2.10 Office suite
2.11 Multitasking
2.12 Sync
2.12.1 Windows Phone 7
2.12.2 Windows Phone 8
2.13 Updates
2.14 Advertising platform
2.15 Bluetooth
3 Store
3.1 Music and videos
3.2 Applications and games
3.2.1 Development
3.2.2 Submission
4 Hardware
5 Reception
5.1 Modern UI
5.2 Market share
5.2.1 Windows Phone 7 (2010-2012)
5.2.2 Windows Phone 8 (2012-present)
5.3 Manufacturer market share
5.4 Developer mindshare
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]

See also: Windows Phone version history
Development[edit]
Work on a major Windows Mobile update may have begun as early as 2004 under the codename "Photon", but work moved slowly and the project was ultimately cancelled.[12] In 2008, Microsoft reorganized the Windows Mobile group and started work on a new mobile operating system.[13] The product was to be released in 2009 as Windows Phone, but several delays prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release.[14]
Windows Phone was developed quickly. One result was that the new OS would not be compatible with Windows Mobile applications. Larry Lieberman, senior product manager for Microsoft's Mobile Developer Experience, told eWeek: "If we'd had more time and resources, we may have been able to do something in terms of backward compatibility."[15] Lieberman said that Microsoft was attempting to look at the mobile phone market in a new way, with the end user in mind as well as the enterprise network.[15] Terry Myerson, corporate VP of Windows Phone engineering, said, "With the move to capacitive touch screens, away from the stylus, and the moves to some of the hardware choices we made for the Windows Phone 7 experience, we had to break application compatibility with Windows Mobile 6.5."[16]
Launch and expansion[edit]
Windows Phone 7[edit]

Windows Phone 7.5 logo
Main article: Windows Phone 7
Windows Phone 7 was announced at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on February 15, 2010, and released publicly on November 8, 2010 in the United States.
Microsoft released an updated version of Windows Phone 7, Mango (also referred to as Windows Phone 7.5), in May 2011. The update included a mobile version of Internet Explorer 9 that supports the same web standards and graphical capability as the desktop version, multi-tasking of third-party apps,[17][18] Twitter integration for the People Hub,[19][20][21] and Windows Live SkyDrive access.[22]
A minor update released in 2012 known as "Tango", along with other bug fixes, lowered the hardware requirements to allow for devices with 800 MHz CPUs and 256 MB of RAM to run Windows Phone.[23]
In January 2013, Windows Phone 7.8 was released. It added some features from Windows Phone 8, such as an updated start screen, doubling of the color scheme options to 20 and the option to have the Bing image of the day as the lock screen wallpaper. Windows Phone 7.8 was intended to prolong the life of older Windows Phone 7 devices, as these were not upgradable to Windows Phone 8 due to hardware limitations. However, not all users have received the Windows Phone 7.8 update yet.
Microsoft has announced that Windows Phone 7.8 will see further future updates and as both Windows Phone 7 and Windows Phone 8 will coexist for sometime, to support devices in different price ranges.
Windows Phone 8[edit]

Three high-end Windows Phone 8 devices from left to right: HTC 8X, Lumia 920, Lumia 820.
Main article: Windows Phone 8
On October 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Phone 8, a new generation of the operating system. Windows Phone 8 replaces its previously Windows CE-based architecture with one based on the Windows NT kernel with many components shared with Windows 8, allowing applications to be easily ported between the two platforms.
Hardware support[edit]
Windows Phone 8, while adding a number of software improvements, also brought support for updated hardware. This included support for multi-core processors and high resolution screens.[24] Windows Phone 7 and 7.5 were often criticized for a lack of high end hardware support, but Windows Phone 8's new hardware gave Windows Phone the ability to better compete with Google and Apple smartphones.[25]
Partnership with Nokia[edit]
On February 11, 2011, at a press event in London, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and Nokia CEO Stephen Elop announced a partnership between their companies in which Windows Phone would become the primary smartphone operating-system for Nokia, replacing Symbian.[26] The event focused largely on setting up "a new global mobile ecosystem", suggesting competition with Android and iOS with the words "It is now a three horse race". Elop's stated the reason for choosing Windows Phone over Android, saying: "the single most important word is 'differentiation'. Entering the Android environment late, we knew we would have a hard time differentiating."[27] While Nokia would have had more long-term creative control with Android (note that MeeGo as used by Nokia resembles Android more than it does Windows Phone 7), Elop enjoyed familiarity with his past company where he had been a top executive.[28][29]
The pair announced integration of Microsoft services with Nokia's own services; specifically:[26]
Bing would power-search across Nokia devices
integration of Nokia Maps with Bing Maps
integration of Nokia's Ovi store with the Windows Phone Store
The partnership involves "funds changing hands for royalties, marketing and ad-revenue sharing", which Microsoft later announced as "measured in billions of dollars."[30] Jo Harlow, whom Elop tapped to run Nokia's smartphone business, rearranged her team to match the structure led by Microsoft's VP of Windows Phone, Terry Myerson. Myerson was quoted as saying, "I can trust her with what she tells me. She uses that same direct and genuine communication to motivate her team."[31]
The first Nokia Windows phones, the Lumia 800 and Lumia 710, were announced in October 2011 at Nokia World 2011 event.[32][33]
At the Consumer Electronics Show in 2012 Nokia announced the Lumia 900, featuring a 4.3-inch AMOLED ClearBlack display, a 1.4 GHz processor and 16 GB of storage.[34] The Lumia 900 was one of the first Windows Phones to support LTE and was released on AT&T on April 8.[35] An international version will launch in Q2 2012, with a UK launch expected in May.[36] The Lumia 610 is the first Nokia Windows Phone to run the Tango Variant (Windows Phone 7.5 Refresh) and is aimed at emerging markets.
On September 2, 2013, Microsoft announced a deal to acquire Nokia's mobile phone division outright, retaining former CEO Stephen Elop as the head of Microsoft's devices operation.[37][38] Microsoft managers revealed that the acquisition was made because Nokia was driving the development of the Windows Phone platform to better match their products.[39]
Features[edit]

User interface[edit]
Windows Phone features a user interface based on Microsoft's Windows Phone design system, codenamed Metro,[40] and was inspired by the user interface in the Zune HD.[41] The home screen, called the "Start screen", is made up of "Live Tiles", which have been the inspiration for the Windows 8 live tiles. Tiles are links to applications, features, functions and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove tiles.[42] Tiles are dynamic and update in real time – for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a tile could display a live update of the weather.[43] Since Windows Phone 8, live tiles can also be resized to either a small, medium, or large appearance.
Several features of Windows Phone are organized into "hubs", which combine local and online content via Windows Phone's integration with popular social networks such as Facebook, Windows Live, and Twitter.[43] For example, the Pictures hub shows photos captured with the device's camera and the user's Facebook photo albums, and the People hub shows contacts aggregated from multiple sources including Windows Live, Facebook, and Gmail. From the Hub, users can directly comment and 'like' on social network updates. The other built-in hubs are Xbox Music and Video, Xbox Live Games, Windows Phone Store, and Microsoft Office.[43]
Windows Phone uses multi-touch technology.[43] The default Windows Phone user interface has a dark theme that prolongs battery life on OLED screens as fully black pixels don't emit light. Alternatively, users can also switch to a white background manually.[44] The user may choose a light theme instead, and can also choose from several accent colors.[45] User interface elements such as tiles are shown in the user's chosen accent color. Third-party applications can be automatically themed with these colors.[46]
Text input[edit]
Users input text by using an on-screen virtual keyboard, which has a dedicated key for inserting emoticons,[47] and features spell checking[47] and word prediction.[48] App developers (both inhouse and ISV) may specify different versions of the virtual keyboard in order to limit users to certain character sets, such as numeric characters alone. Users may change a word after it has been typed by tapping the word,[49] which will invoke a list of similar words. Pressing and holding certain keys will reveal similar characters. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode. Phones may also be made with a hardware keyboard for text input.[50] Windows Phone 8 adds a new "Word Flow" keyboard, which includes features such as allowing the user to add accents to letters by pressing on an individual letter.
Messaging[edit]
Windows Phone utilizes "Threads", which allow conversations to be held among users through multiple platforms (such as Windows Live Messenger, Facebook messaging, or SMS) within a single thread, dynamically switching between services depending on availability.
Web browser[edit]
See also: Internet Explorer Mobile
Internet Explorer on Windows Phone allows the user to maintain a list of favorite web pages and tiles linking to web pages on the Start screen. The browser supports up to 6 tabs, which can all load in parallel.[51] Other features include multi-touch gestures, a streamlined UI, smooth zoom in/out animations, the ability to save pictures that are on web pages, share web pages via email, and support for inline search which allows the user to search for a word or phrase in a web page by typing it.[52]
Users are also able to stream YouTube videos straight from the Internet Explorer browser.
Contacts[edit]
Contacts are organized via the "People hub". Contacts can be manually entered into contacts or imported from Facebook, Windows Live Contacts, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google, and Outlook. A "What's New" section show news feed and a "Pictures" section show pictures from those social networks made by the contacts. A "Me" section show the phone user's own social networks status and wall, allow the user to update his status, and check-in to Bing and Facebook Places. Contacts can be added to the home screen by pinning them to the start. The contact's "Live Tile" displays their social network status and profile picture on the homescreen and the contact's hub displays his Facebook wall as well as all of the rest of his contact information and information from his other social networks.

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On February 17, 2007, SlySoft released AnyDVD HD. AnyDVD and AnyDVD HD are in fact the same piece of software, but the license key determines whether the HD aspects of the software are available to the user. When the HD part of the software is enabled it permits access to HD DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, including decryption of AACS encrypted discs. In the case of Blu-ray Discs, it also supports region code removal (HD DVD has no region code).
Besides dealing with DVD copying issues, AnyDVD can also work in the background to automatically detect and remove additional data sessions contained on Audio CDs which contain copy-prevention measures. This allows audio tracks to be directly accessed on the system for direct playback and for access by CD extraction software. Intentional tracking errors in the audio may also be discovered, for example, those errors involved with key2AudioXS, which may cause major skipping distortions in the ripped audio tracks. By bypassing these methods AnyDVD can provide clean, distortion-free playback and ripping.
On March 19, 2008, SlySoft released version 6.4.0.0 of AnyDVD HD, which removes BD+ as well.[6] Some[which?] Blu-ray Disc software players have removed the ability of movie playback from folders on a hard drive. AnyDVD HD has since version 6.4.6.2, August 22, 2008, included the ability to rip movies to an ISO format.
Legal issues[edit]
AnyDVD is a Microsoft Windows driver allowing decryption of DVDs on-the-fly, as well as targeted removal of copy preventions and user operation prohibitions (UOPs). With an upgrade, it will also do the same for HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The AnyDVD program runs in the background, making discs unrestricted and region-free. In addition to removing digital restrictions, AnyDVD will also defeat Macrovision analog copy prevention. (AnyDVD will not work on VHS tapes, only discs.[4]) Analog prevention distorts the video signal to prevent high quality copying from the output. AnyDVD is also able to remove copy-prevention from audio CDs.
As of version 6.1.4.3, AnyDVD has a revised ripper that removes Sony ARccOS Protection, Macrovision RipGuard, and other structural preventions and repairs both intentional and unintentional mastering errors. It ensures strict compliance with third-party tools, particularly DVD Shrink and Nero Recode.
The ripper module is based on code from Elby's CloneDVD. Old versions used a ripper based on FixVTS, but FixVTS was shut down by legal threats from Sony in June 2007.[5]

Advertising, sale, and lending of AnyDVD is outlawed in Germany (but possession and use on personally owned media is not), as it removes copy prevention from DVDs. The Heise news portal was sued by the record industry for linking to SlySoft's website in a news report. The publisher subsequently counter sued with claims of violation of their constitutionally guaranteed freedom of the press and has as of April 2007 lost two appeal proceedings. The German Federal Constitutional Court has decided not to rule on Heise's appeal for the time being because remedies in the ordinary courts had not been exhausted.[7] In October 2010, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany decided in favor of Heise. This verdict is now legally binding.[8] The legal status of AnyDVD in other countries is unclear.
See also[edit]

CloneCD
DVD ripper: Software packages with features similar to AnyDVD
SlySoft
References[edit]

Jump up ^ "AnyDVD History". Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ AnyDVD 7.3.7.0
Jump up ^ AnyDVD (HD) 7.3.7.4 beta
Jump up ^ "SlySoft Forum". Forum.slysoft.com. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Sony's ARccOS group takes down RipIt4Me and FixVTS". AfterDawn. 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "AnyDVD (HD) 6.4.0.0". Forum.slysoft.com. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Ruling by the Federal Constitutional Court (in German)". Bverfg.de. 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Article on heise news portal about the final appeal (German)". Heise.de. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
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